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Pyrolysis oil (also called bio-oils) produced from biomass is a promising substitute for fossil fuels. However, bio-oil has many shortcomings, such as high viscosity, high oxygenate content, low stability and low heating value. Therefore, it is hard for direct high-grade fuel utilization before upgrading. In this paper, bio-oil upgrading techniques, such as catalytic hydrogenation, catalytic cracking,...
Biomass pyrolysis oil is a complex mixture containing a wide variety of oxygenated compounds, which results in difficulties in bio-oil upgrading. To gain a clearer understanding of the reaction pathways, seven compounds were chosen to represent biomass pyrolysis oil. In this paper, catalytic desertification was applied to convert the carboxylic acids into esters. The influences of reaction time and...
Numerous Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) tools exist, each with different methodologies. These tools often provide different results, thus making it difficult for the LCA practitioner to determine which results yield the best or most likely estimate of impact. It is important, therefore, to understand the differences between LCIA tools to enable the clear and transparent portrayal of the impacts...
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