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Characteristics of vacuum arc seriously influence the interruption ability of vacuum switches. In many cases (especially in commercial electrode systems), vacuum arcs are not completely axial symmetrical configuration. So, three-dimensional simulation of vacuum arc is needed. On the other hand, when the interruption current is very high, the anode will be in active state and becomes another source...
The design of robust control techniques is the prerequisite to guarantee maximum efficiency and lifetime for high-temperature fuel cells with constant and varying electrical load. For the design of such control laws as well as for the development of model-based observer approaches, it is essential to derive low-dimensional mathematical models which can be evaluated in real-time. These models have...
Many conceptual designs for fusion energy involve combining energy from a number of feed lines to a centrally located load. One such design with 70 coaxial lines (each delivering Ia ∼ 1 MA at V ∼ 7 MV) merging into a center disk has been shown to yield large (Ie ∼ 10–40 MA) electron flow currents. The combination of large electron flow currents, abrupt transitions, and magnetic nulls (inherent in...
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