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The implementation of the substation automation system of the 69 kV S/S Azogues 2 was conceived as a multi-vendor IEC 61850 solution using equipment from different manufacturers. Unexpectedly, the integration that should have been relatively easy became a complicated task and it was shown during the execution of the project that the IEC 61850 standard is not applied equally by all the vendors causing...
The employment of microprocessor technology, digital signal processing technology, and fiber optic communications technology into substations has led to a new era of integrated substation protection, control and data acquisition. Today, all utilities and manufacturers recognize the desire and the need to merge the communications capabilities of all IEDs in a substation, or even across the entire power...
To improve monitoring, control and protection of the power system new intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) have to be installed in substations. IED devices are capable of recording a huge amount of data and providing much more information than earlier when only electromechanical relays and remote terminal units (RTUs) of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system were used. If data from...
Using distributed generation (DG) is an interesting topic that has drawn attention of electrical engineers to itself in recent years. Presence of these generation units in distribution systems, although has many advantages and benefits, has to be applied after performing detailed studies and investigations due to their complexities in operation, control and protection of network. One of the most considerable...
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