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This study characterizes the complex structural and functional elements of the female rat urethra that may be involved in controlling urethral closure and continence. Urethras were dissected from female Sprague‐Dawley rats (N = 12) euthanized by pentobarbital overdose. Tissues were fixed (4% paraformaldehyde), frozen, and sectioned (8 μm) for light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Antibodies were...
There is increasing evidence for vesicular release of glutamate from astrocytes. We have previously demonstrated existence of VGLUT1 on astrocytic synaptic‐like microvesicles (SMLVs) in several brain regions indicating a role in astroglial glutamate release. As VGLUT3 is prominently expressed in non‐neuronal cells, this prompted us to investigate whether VGLUT3 is also involved in astroglial release...
During the last years, the concept of gliotransmission has been established. Glutamate has been shown to be released from astrocytes by different mechanisms, e.g., in an exocytotic manner. The authors have previously shown that astrocytes in the dentate‐molecular layers express vesicular glutamate transporters on synaptic‐like microvesicles (SLMVs). By confocal microscopy, the authors, in this study,...
The immediate-early-gene product c-Fos is a well known marker of neuronal activation in the central nervous system. Thus, immunocytochemical methods to detect c-Fos in the brain are important tools in experimental studies that aim to map activated brain areas on a cellular level. Accordingly, we describe here two alternative protocols for c-Fos detection which are based on an indirect immunofluorescence...
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