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Background Human tuberculosis (TB), a chronic inflammatory disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a facultative intramacrophage pathogen. The highly complex interactions between mycobacteria and macrophages (MΦs), characterized in part by the induction and elaboration of several cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40 and IL-12 p70 are not yet fully understood. The cytokines are...
There is a naturally occurring gender difference in immune responses which persists after traumatic injury. Physiological levels of 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) are immunostimulatory, whereas high pregnancy and superphysiological levels are immunosuppressive. In contrast, at all concentrations, testosterone suppresses immune responses. Evidence from this laboratory and others suggest that the gender...
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