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This study investigated the effectiveness of e-learning and blended learning for airport security officers (screeners) aimed at increasing their detection of novel prohibited items in X-ray images of passenger bags. 80 screeners from a large European airport conducted a simulated X-ray baggage screening task (SXBST). Based on hit- and false alarm rates, d-prime, age, gender and job experience, four...
Secure air transportation is vital for economy and society and it relies heavily on airport security screening. Passenger bags and other belongings are screened using X-ray machines to ensure that they do not contain prohibited items. Human operators (X-ray screeners) visually inspect X-ray images to decide whether they are harmless or whether they might contain a prohibited item and therefore require...
The necessity of computer based training for airport security screening officers to achieve and maintain a high level of x-ray image interpretation competency is well-known. During such training, x-ray images of passenger bags, similar to how they appear at the security checkpoint, are presented to the screening officers on a screen and have to be judged regarding their contents. Certain computer...
As scientific studies have shown, the performance of airport security screening officers in x-ray image interpretation depends critically on individual abilities and visual knowledge acquired through class-room, computer-based (CBT) and on-the job training. The effectiveness of adaptive CBT in increasing the efficiency in x-ray image interpretation of screening officers could be verified in several...
Several previous studies have shown that threat detection performance of X-ray operators can be increased substantially if computer-based training (CBT) is used. This applies particularly to objects that are never or rarely encountered at a security checkpoint as for example Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). However, little is known so far about the importance of using different types of IEDs in...
This paper discusses covert testing data and key human factors. First, different reasons why airport security screeners sometimes fail to detect threats when covert tests are conducted at airports are discussed. Key human factors are identified and analyzed with regard to covert test results. It is explained that pre-employment selection and training are indispensable prerequisites for good operational...
The competency of an aviation security screener to detect prohibited items in X-ray images quickly and reliably is important for any airport security system. This paper details the requirements and principles for reliable, valid, and standardized competency assessment as well as different methods that can be applied for this purpose. First, the concepts of reliability, validity and standardization...
The nature of the daily security business at airports (e.g. fast changing regulations) demands more and more flexible training and communication solutions for security officers at airports. Classical classroom training is a proven way for (re-training, but alternative tools, in particular e-solutions, could be taken into account more often to support the classical method of training. In this paper,...
Threat Image Projection (TIP) is a software system that is used at airports to project images of threat items amongst the passenger baggage being screened by X-ray. The use of TIP is becoming more widespread and is increasingly being included as part of security regulation. This is due to its purported benefits of improved attention and vigilance, and increased exposure to threat items that are linked...
This article discusses different ways to enhance human-machine interaction in x-ray screening, especially regarding x-ray image display technology. It represents a summary of the studies conducted as work package 4 of the EU funded VIA project (www.viaproject.eu). First, important theoretical issues regarding the interpretation of x-ray images are discussed. We then explain how to measure x-ray image...
The usefulness of X-Ray Tutor (XRT) as an individually adaptive computer-based training system for aviation security screening officers to increase X-ray image interpretation competency has been proven in several studies. Many airports require their screening officers to conduct weekly recurrent training in order to enhance their capabilities and competencies. During training, X-ray images of passenger...
Large efforts are made in order to enhance human factors in airport security, but one very important area, namely covert or infiltration tests, are often neglected. Covert tests are most important not only for quality control and risk analysis, but also for training purposes, such as for example the training of appropriate reactions in dangerous situations. Therefore, conducting covert tests at airports...
The importance of aviation security has increased dramatically in recent years. Frequently changing regulations and the need to adapt quickly to new and emerging threats are challenges that need to be addressed by airports, security companies and appropriate authorities across the world. Learning management systems (LMS) have been developed as effective tools for enhancing the management, integration...
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