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Sodium (Na) is an important doping element for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells. However, when using Na-free flexible substrates like steel foil or polyimide film, it is necessary to ensure an efficient supply of sodium to achieve high cell efficiencies. The common incorporation methods for Na on these Na-free substrates are either to deposit a Na-containing precursor layer (e.g. NaF) onto...
Steel foil is an attractive candidate for use as a flexible substrate material for Cu(In x ,Ga 1−x )Se 2 solar cells (CIGS). It is stable at the high temperatures involved during CIGS processing and is also commercially available. Stainless chromium (Cr) steel is more expensive than Cr-free steel sheets, but the latter are not stable against corrosion. We processed CIGS solar...
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