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A number of international standards organizations have developed a lot of specifications of symbolic storage, expression and mapping, from the initial simple and conceptualized symbol standards, to the latest specialized, application-oriented symbol specifications, the international standards and specifications of map symbol have undergone a constant development and improvement process. These existing...
A new concept Geographic Interest Square was put forward towards thinking methods, mathematical methods and technical mechanism of geographic study. The abbreviation of Geographic Interest Square is GIS, just like Geographic Information System, but is a new wine in an old bottle. Traditional Geographic Information System has two problems: the accuracy and spatial analysis problem. The western thinking...
Map projection transformation is the important part of cartography, and plays the key role in GIS. With the continuous updating and improvement on geographical data, it has become very urgent to meet the demand of assimilating geographic information by map projection transformation. Projection transformation is one of the essential models for lots of widely used GIS software and the development of...
A geographic information system (GIS) allows g a user to combine digitized data sets from multiple sources to produce a customized map. Like traditional paper maps, GIS maps should be accurate. Unlike traditional maps, however, technical limitations raise new ethical issues for geographic information systems. These technical limitations include unavoidable inaccuracies introduced by the digitization...
Three-dimensional reconstruction of geographic zones relief is a process with wide applications in GIS type products, especially those that implement models for simulation of various phenomenons that may affect a specific geographic area (floods, terrain slips etc). By three-dimensional reconstruction of geographic area relief starting from serial sections, we understand regenerating of the area surface...
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