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The basic concept of redundancy is simple. Instead of relying on a single piece of equipment, there are duplicate or triplicate sets that perform the same function. Consequently, if one piece of equipment fails, the function will still be performed by a redundant device. Redundancy of components plays a major role in elevating the reliability of protection systems. The impact on the power system when...
In order to enhance both dependability and security which are two aspects of relaying system, self-checking and monitoring facilities are usually considered along with routine test. In practice, back-up relay can has mal trip when not required and may fail to trip when required which may cause power system blackout due to cascading failure. Generally, this situation is not taken into account in the...
A new reliability index is defined considering correct inaction, failure events and the failure probability of protected component in protective relays according to the risk theory. Relaying reliability is separated into the two different aspects of dependability and security in the calculation based on the losses resulted from failure events. A general 8-state Markov model is set up where resist-operation...
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