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Line distance protection technology has evolved from sound operating principles using phase comparators used in electromechanical relays to the present day relays using microprocessor technology. Initial microprocessor relays used full cycle Discrete Fourier Transformation to extract the fundamental phasors from sampled analog data and apply them in comparator equations to determine impedance reach...
This paper presents an adaptive method for non-pilot distance protection of a power transmission line. It exhibits improved operation under resistive faults, i.e. reducing an under reaching and overreaching of the relay, that is caused by a remote line end infeed. Use of one-end measurements and also two-end synchronized measurements are considered. The developed adaptive distance protection algorithms...
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