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Heart failure and COPD are very common in the elderly. As both syndromes share common risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, and pathophysiological pathways, including systemic inflammation and activation of the neurohumoral system, they frequently coincide. Because of the similar clinical presentation, diagnoses of COPD in the presence of heart failure may be difficult. If spirometry is performed,...
Heart failure has emerged as one of the most pressing health care issues in the United States. It is estimated that 4.8 million people have chronic heart failure, and approximately 400,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Since the incidence of heart failure increases significantly with age, its prevalence is likely to increase as the population grows older. The American Heart Association and American...
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