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In August 1999, a lightning strike caused a misoperation of a relay installed in the late 1980s. The relay misoperation caused a two-minute outage at a petrochemical plant and led to an exhaustive root-cause analysis. The misoperation can be attributed to incorrect fault type selection in a distance element-based, 1980s-era relay. Two separate events in different locations, one in December 2007 and...
Fault resistance introduces an error in traditional ground distance relay apparent impedance measurement process. If not accordingly considerated it produces primary protection zone underreach. Line asymmetry also affects relay operation producing overreaching. So due to these two aspects protection zone limits of ground distance relays present low precision. In order to increase these precision limits,...
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