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Background It is well known that smoking is a major risk factor for lung disease and respiratory symptoms. We examined the association between smoking and the risk of chronic bronchitis in a large twin sample. Methods In a population-based questionnaire study of 13,649 twins, aged 50–71 years, from the Danish Twin Registry, we identified 1,146 twin pairs, discordant for a lifetime history smoking...
Background The GOLD classification of COPD severity introduces a stage 0 (at risk) comprising individuals with productive cough and normal lung function. The aims of this study were to investigate total mortality risks in GOLD stages 0–4 with special focus on stage 0, and furthermore to assess the influence of symptoms of chronic bronchitis on mortality risks in GOLD stages 1–4. Method Between 1974...
There is a lack of knowledge to which extent heredity or familial risk factors are involved in the development of chronic bronchitis/emphysema (CBE). Smoking is regarded as the most important risk factor, but only about 15% of smokers develop airway obstruction. We evaluated the importance of familial risk factors compared to smoking and ex-smoking using an epidemiological approach. In 1992, a postal...
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