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Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are a group of age-dependent, progressive disorders that exhibit prominent neuronal death. Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are mainly sporadic, whereas Huntington’s disease is entirely genetic. Studies on human postmortem brains highlighted the possible involvement of apoptosis and...
Activation of glutamate receptors can trigger the death of neurons and some types of glial cells, particularly when the cells are coincidentally subjected to adverse conditions such as reduced levels of oxygen or glucose, increased levels of oxidative stress, exposure to toxins or other pathogenic agents, or a disease-causing genetic mutation. Such excitotoxic cell death involves excessive calcium...
Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in apoptosis and necrosis are examined. Neurotoxic processes underlying cellular destruction may involve N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and/or activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase but the depletion of energy and generation of free radicals appears to be critical. In Alzheimer’s disease the damaging effects of peroxynitrite and exposure to...
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