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Od momentu wstąpienia na tron w czerwcu 1888 roku cesarz Wilhelm II dążył do rozbudowy potencjału morskiego Niemiec jako integralnej części tzw. Weltpolitik (polityki światowej). Uznawał on przekształcenie Niemiec w mocarstwo morskie za jeden z kluczowych celów swego panowania. W jego ocenie nowa flota powinna spełniać wiele istotnych funkcji, m.in. poprawić międzynarodową pozycję Niemiec, uczynić...
The article discusses the image of the German and Austro-Hungarian intervention in Ukraine in 1918 in Ukrainian memoirs. While these works generally describe the policies of the Central Powers toward Ukraine as imperialist and dictated by the military and economic interests of the two states, only the most radical leftist writers fail to appreciate the role German and Austrian troops played in the...
In early twentieth century racial ideologies and racial anthropology penetrated the traditional concepts of national specificity. It was a rule all over Western Europe, though Germany was clearly the leader both in ideological and institutional terms. In East Central Europe this development was accelerated by an increased intellectual influence of German universities. First World War marked the peak...
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