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In emerging IoT era, Wireless Sensor Networks, aka WSNs are deployed for gathering data in various environments, in which efficient cluster routing mechanisms are deployed to prolong the network lifetime and improve the stability. Most existing studies focus on homogeneous WSNs. Some research workes achieved good performance based on the assumption of equal initial power and/or predefined ratio in...
The Critical Heterogeneous Adaptive Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (CHATSEP) is a reactive protocol having three different energy values for sensor nodes. It incorporates a special adaptive feature of informing the observing base station about the status of the network if there is no transmission to the base station from a long time due to reactive nature of the network. It also includes...
For proper and efficient design of wireless sensor network, minimum energy consumption within the sensors and a longer lifespan of sensor network has been posing a serious challenge for the engineers and scientists. Clustering infrastructure which allows efficient use of available resource has great potential in solving the problems of resource limited wireless sensor network. Attempts are made in...
In order to solve the problems of LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) nodes short life cycle and consumption imbalance, the paper proposes an improved algorithm of LEACH. The main idea of the improved algorithm is to consider the current position and the current energy of the node, which can be more evenly distributed cluster head, in order to prolong the life cycle of the node. A comparison...
Improving network lifetime is an important challenge in Heterogeneous Wireless sensor Networks. The best way to improve a heterogeneous WSN lifetime is to regrouping the network by the clusters which each one is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. The election of cluster head is based on a predefined probability that each node becomes cluster head and other nodes must join their Cluster Heads...
Networking together of hundreds to thousands of limited energy battery powered nodes derive a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The use and applicability of WSNs has increased in vivid areas like vehicular movement, weather monitoring, security and surveillance, industry applications etc. The limited powered nodes in WSNs sense the environment and send the desired information to a processing centre (base...
In Wireless Sensor Network, the total energy consumption determines the lifetime of the entire network. As a result, a number of recently-designed energy-efficient routing algorithm stated that clustering approach has an important issue for organizing a network into a connected hierarchy and increasing the network lifetime. The clustering hierarchical model consists in two main steps, cluster heads...
Wireless sensor networks(WSN) deploy a large number of sensor nodes in the monitoring region, collecting information which is sent to the target users by wireless means after simple treatment. As the wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in inaccessible or high-risk areas and are in large numbers, replacing batteries becomes very difficult. The nodes are usually one-time battery-powered so there...
The most important consideration in designing protocols for wireless sensor networks is the energy constraint of nodes because in most cases battery recharging is inconvenient or impossible. Therefore, many research have been done to overcome this demerit. Clustering is one of the main approaches in designing scalable and energy-efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks. The cluster heads take...
Clustering is one of the basic approaches for designing energy-efficient and scalable distributed sensor networks. HEED is a well known energy efficient clustering protocol. In this protocol, the message overhead is low and cluster heads are distributed fairly across the network. Our distributed clustering protocol, HEED*, improves HEED protocol to achieve energy efficiency with three techniques:...
Clustering is an effective approach for organizing the network into a connected hierarchy, load balancing, and prolonging network lifetime. Clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks are classified into static and dynamic. In static clustering, clusters are formed once, forever and role of the cluster head is scheduled among the nodes in a cluster. However, in dynamic clustering the time is...
This paper presents a comparative study of clustering techniques and cluster quality of a single criterion cluster heads election and cluster formation in Wireless Sensor Networks. The HEED, LEACH and Energy-based LEACH protocols are simulated and their performance are compared in terms of the number of cluster head generated, cluster size, cluster head distribution, scalability and coverage. The...
Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control for increasing network lifetime and scalability. It also, balances the load on the sensor nodes. HEED is a well known distributed clustering protocol that uses both energy and communication cost to elect Cluster Heads (CHs) in a probabilistic way. This paper improves HEED protocol using fuzzy logic and a non probabilistic approach for CH election...
Wireless video sensor networks (WVSNs) have obtained popularity due to numerous potential applications such as video surveillance, environmental and habitat monitoring, etc. Transmitting video over WVSNs requires large bandwidth as well as lifetime of sensor nodes long enough to fulfill the application requirements. This paper proposes an integrated system for WVSNs (mainly used for surveillance)...
The paper presents the criteria that affect the performance of network lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks. In sensor networks the nodes can be organized into clusters for one hop energy-efficient data routing. This work focuses on adaptive clustering of sensor nodes where the role of cluster head changes among nodes. The nodes take turn to become cluster head based on one or several parameters such...
In the existing clustering protocol, cluster heads (CHs) usually transmit data to Sink directly with long-distance transmission and huge energy consumption. To solve this problem, an inter-cluster gateway-based energy-efficient routing protocol (IGER) is proposed in this paper. It makes cluster heads evenly distributed, chooses appropriate nodes to be gateways for inter-cluster communication to share...
A reliable and efficient clustering algorithm in wireless sensor networks is proposed, which can allow the structured representation of a network topology. According to the residual energy, number of the neighbors, and centrality of each node, the algorithm uses fuzzy petri nets to select cluster head. The algorithm not only balances the energy load of each node, but also provides global reliability...
Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new routing protocols specifically designed for sensor networks. Due to the nodes equip limited energy and secondary supply is difficult, during the design of cluster-routing protocol not only considering the energy of nodes but also reduced the energy consumption of whole WSN as much as possible .On the basis of understanding of routing...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as a promising method for reliably monitoring both civil and military environments under hazardous or dangerous conditions. Due to such environments, the power supplies for sensors in the network are not usually rechargeable or replaceable. Therefore, the energy efficiency is critical for the lifetime and cost of WSN. Numerous mechanisms have been...
In dense sensor networks, there are a large number of low-power, short-lived, low cost and unreliable sensors. A major challenge in constructing dense sensor networks is to prolong network lifetime as well as to keep low sensing coverage loss ratio. To prolong network lifetime, it is necessary to turn off redundant nodes to save energy. Moreover, to obtain low sensing coverage loss ratio is an important...
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