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A common practice for the Ex Post LMP calculation at a number of US ISOs uses a small constant range, typically from -2.0 MW to +0.1 MW, as each generator's lower and upper bounds. However, this paper shows that this common practice lacks theoretic justification and may lead to inconsistent results. For example, if the ex post dispatch results are identical to the ex ante dispatch schedules, it is...
Spinning Reserve (SR) is one of the ancillary services which is essential to satisfy system security constraints when the power system faces with a contingency. In this paper, emergency demand response program as one of the incentive-based demand response programs is implemented as a source of spinning reserve. In this regard, certain numbers of demands are selected according to a sensitivity analysis,...
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