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The progression of both atherosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis follows similar pathways. An initial injury leads to an enhanced endothelial transcytosis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the subendothelial space. Lipid accumulation by macrophages engenders formation of foam cells. Activated endothelial cells induce inflammation through the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. This stimulates...
Remodeling of the heart wounded by myocardial infarction (MI) refers to the sum total of adaptive and maladaptive changes in myocardial structure, geometric shape, and function that occur over time after the initial event. Its consequences are most sinister in the patient with a large anterior transmural MI, also clinically known as the ST-segment MI (STEMI) in the early hours or Q-wave MI in later...
Hypertrophic scars (HTS) are caused by dermal injuries such as trauma and burns to the deep dermis, which are red, raised, itchy and painful. They can cause cosmetic disfigurement or contractures if craniofacial areas or mobile region of the skin are affected. Abnormal wound healing with more extracellular matrix deposition than degradation will result in HTS formation. This review will introduce...
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