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The effect of bismuth on the microstructure evolution of ultrafine grained copper at elevated temperatures has been studied. Ultrafine grained copper polycrystals were produced employing the High-Pressure Torsion technique. Bismuth had little effect on kinetics of recrystallization and grain growth of as-processed copper. Bi-rich intergranular films at the grain boundaries were observed in the samples...
The segregation of Bi to Cu grain boundaries can be characterized as either equilibrium or non-equilibrium segregation. The experimental conditions of the segregation process determine the type of segregation behavior that is achieved. Classical McLean equilibrium segregation can be achieved through Bi grain boundary segregation from a constant vapor source with long anneal times. The Chang dislocation-pipe...
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