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This paper proposes a 6-port 3-dimensional (3-D) transformer used to improve the performance of injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD). The aim of the 3-D transformer is to reduce chip size and to reduce power consumption. The CMOS LC-tank ILFD is implemented using the direct injection nMOS between the differential outputs of an nMOS-core cross-coupled VCO. At the supply voltage of 0.6 V, the free-running...
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