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In an underwater environment signal propagation for the acoustic channel is subject to major multipath effect. Therefore, most underwater communication schemes require that the position of the transmitter or receiver is fixed while using directional antennas in order to ensure high signal-to-noise ratio. However, such a requirement hinders node discovery and ad-hoc formation of underwater networks...
The concept of distributed transmit beamforming is implicit in many key results of network information theory. However, its implementation in a wireless network involves the fundamental challenge of ensuring phase coherence of the radio frequency signals from the different transmitters in the presence of unknown phase offsets between the transmitters and unknown channel gains from the transmitters...
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