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WSNs are gradually penetrating all spheres of security, industry and civil sectors. Since the very inception of the concept, a need for enhancing energy efficiency and longevity of the networks is felt. Routing protocols designed for WSNs have evolved over the years in order to serve this purpose better. This paper summarizes the concerns of a WSN and discusses how these were addressed through innovations...
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), routing is a challenging task due to traffic and network size. To route the number of packets in WSN, the idea is to consider about Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). The first hybrid routing protocol having proactive and reactive features was ZRP. Reconfigurable Wireless Networks has an ability to reconstruct its networks if network crash takes place and ZRP follow, highly...
The recent technological advances in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have expanded the range of WSN applications. In some of these applications, sensor nodes are mobile rather than static. Also, the recent advances in personal digitals assistants (PDAs) allow the existence of multiple mobile sinks to collect the sensors data. These characteristics require the design of new routing protocols...
Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (mWSN) is one of the rising and emerging technologies for various application of NWGN. The enormous concerns of these networks are energy efficiency and data aggregation within the network. The aim of data aggregation is that eliminates redundant data transmission and enhances the lifetime of energy in mWSN. In this paper, we propose, analyze and validate efficient cluster...
Sensor networks are sensing, computing and communication infrastructure that are able to observe and respond to phenomena in the natural environment and in our physical and cyber infrastructure. In this paper, we present a comparison evaluation for mobile and static sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs) considering TwoRayGround and Shadowing propagation models. The simulation results have...
Topology change is the main factor that affects the network life time of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. In static WSN, the topology change is often caused by node failure which is due to energy depletion. However, in the Mobile WSN (MWSN), the main reason of the topology change is caused by the node movement. Since the mobile sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have a low radio...
In WSN, sensors near the sink have to relay the data of the nodes away from the sink and as a result they drain their energy very quickly. It result in network partitioning and can significantly limit the network lifetime. This problem is termed as hotspot problem. Recently, formation of hot spot or energy hole near the sink has emerged as a critical issue for data gathering in WSN. In this paper,...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are applicable in vast range of applications and depending on the application the sink could be mobile or stationary. Sink mobility has been shown to improve network lifetimes [1], however mobile sink has to periodically update network about its changing position. This control traffic is non-negligible for low power, limited capacity sensors and induces energy consumption...
In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), data gathering using mobile sinks typically incurs constant propagation of sink location indication messages to guide the direction of data reporting. Such behavior is undesirable, especially when the sensor network scale increases, as frequent message flooding will cause serious congestion in network communication and significantly impair the sensor network lifetime...
There have been many routing protocols proposed for data dissemination to multiple mobile sinks in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and the protocols regard each sink as an individually distributed single entity without relationship of each other. Recently, mobile group entities have been introduced in WSNs. A number of mobile sinks move together in a group manner, and mobile sinks in the group stay...
Mobility of sensor nodes posed new challenges particularly in energy consumption and demands researchers' attention. Some real applications impose combined environments of fixed and mobile sensor nodes in the same network, while others demand a complete mobile sensors environment. Packet loss that occurs due to mobility of the sensor nodes is one of main challenges in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)...
Using mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for monitoring bovine animals potentially offers high increase in the profitability of cattle production. In this paper we propose a formal model for the cattle monitoring system. Then we formulate the requirements for the MANET routing protocol for such systems. We identify a suitable MANET routing protocol that satisfies these requirements and adapt it to our...
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