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Objective: To provide an overview of startle reflex methodologies applied to the examination of emotional and motivational states in humans and to review the findings in different forms of psychopathology.Methods: Pertinent articles were searched mostly via MEDLINE and PsycINFO.Results: The startle reflex is a non-invasive translational tool of research that bridges the gap between animal and human...
This paper discusses the current practice of using single word labels for emotional states that ignore the nature of the incentive, cognitive representations, physiologic profile, and especially the developmental stage of the agent. The universal cognitive advances that are derivatives of brain maturation over the first dozen years are accompanied by significant emotional states that infants and young...
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