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The article presents the process of designing a mathematical model of the human arm. Modelling arm consists of two joints connected by the rotational link. Each of them is represented as a rectangular prism which changes shape during the movement. The moment of shape change depends on the two-state coordinates: the angular displacement q1 and q2. Based on the analysis of the arm movement, a mathematical...
Musculoskeletal simulation of human body is one of the most fascinating research areas in biomechanics. The cornerstone of this type of simulation, regardless of the approach, is obtaining the differential equations of the system. The purpose of this paper is deriving equations of motion of an arbitrary musculoskeletal model of the human body by using Denavit-Hartenberg parameters in accompanied by...
We made a discovery that links with influential hypotheses that the central nervous system may produce movements by combining units of motor output. This paper introduces the key concept we call the “A-A ratio,” which is the EMG ratio of agonist-antagonist muscle pairs. The statistical analysis based on the A-A ratio specifies that (1) human lower limb movement during walking is explained as the superposition...
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