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This paper considers crow–cuckoo–cat systems in which crows are the host, cuckoos are the parasite, cats are the predator of crow nests, and cuckoo chicks in the nests reveal a mix of caustic and repulsive compounds that repel and deter cats. An over 16-year observation on the crow–cuckoo–cat system shows that the parasite and its host can be mutualistic in the presence of predators (Canestrari et al...
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