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Grounding systems such as vertical and horizontal electrodes, and grids are installed in the soil to mitigate against the effects of system faults and lightning surges. Their main function is to dissipate lightning and fault currents into the earth without generating any hazardous potential differences between different contacts points of grounded structures and the earth that may be bridged by people...
Grounding impedance are affected by current injection, grounding configuration, and factors that affecting soil. Current injection at low frequency, makes the properties of grounding impedance is resistive but at high frequency, the properties of capacitive and inductive should be considered. Limited environmental condition determine that what grounding configuration will be used. The factor which...
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