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Larval movement in seed mixes of Bt and non-Bt corn (Zea mays L.) can potentially increase the rate at which resistance evolves compared to a structured refuge. Pyramided Bt crops with multiple efficacious Bt toxins make it less likely that interplant larval movement will be successful within a seed mix field but high levels of larval movement may decrease refuge value as larvae moving from non-Bt...
Planting of a separate structured refuge for Bt crops as part of an insect resistance management (IRM) strategy to delay resistance evolution is the most common method of refuge deployment but this strategy depends on growers planting a refuge. A seed mix refuge interspersed with a pyramided Bt product is an alternative strategy that addresses the risk of growers not planting a refuge. However, concerns...
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