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Face race influences the way we process faces, so that faces of a different ethnic group are processed for identity less efficiently than faces of one's ethnic group ‐ a phenomenon known as the Other‐Race Effect (ORE). Although widely replicated, the ORE is still poorly characterized in terms of its development and the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, the Event‐Related Potential (ERP)...
The error‐related negativity (ERN) is sensitive to individual differences relating to anxiety and is modulated by manipulations that increase the threat‐value of committing errors. In adults, the ERN magnitude is enhanced when errors are followed by punishment, especially among anxious individuals. Punitive parenting is related to an elevated ERN in children; however, the effects of task‐based punishment...