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The metabolic syndrome refers to the clustering of metabolic abnormalities more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. These metabolic abnormalities are all risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the epidemiological association between these multiple risk factors points to the possibility of a unifying underlying pathophysiology. Obesity, in particular visceral adiposity, insulin...
The cluster of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia was first described in 1923 and studies have since confirmed the clustering of cardio-metabolic factors that has come to be known by many names (1–3). In 1988, Reaven was the first to link type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) to the cluster he called Syndrome X: insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension,...
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, or both. Early diagnosis of T2D and the high-risk category of pre-diabetes may help reduce the associated public health and clinical burden. Available diagnostic strategies include fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects more than half a million individuals per year worldwide. It is a largely preventable disease. Most cases are related to hepatitis B virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia (except Japan). Hepatitis C virus has emerged as an important cause of HCC particularly in North America and some parts of Europe, where a recent sharp increase in HCC has been...
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