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This paper presents a technique for testing software components with contracts that specify functional behavior, synchronization, as well as timing behavior. The approach combines elements from unit testing with model-based testing techniques for timed automata. The technique is implemented in an online testing tool, and we demonstrate its use on a concrete use case.
We propose a built-in scheme for generating all patterns of a given deterministic test set T. The scheme is based on grouping the columns of T, so that in each group of columns the number ri of unique representatives (row subvectors) as well as their product R over all such groups is kept at a minimum. The representatives of each group (segment) are then generated by a small finite state machine (FSM)...
The downsizing of transistor dimensions enabled in the future nanotechnologies will inevitably increase the number of faults in the complex ULSI chips. To maintain the production yield at acceptable level, several levels of protection mechanisms will have to be implemented to tolerate the permanent and transient faults occurring in the physical layers. In this paper, we study fault tolerance at the...
We propose a benchmark for object-oriented unit testing, called the behavioural response. This is a normative set of state- and equivalence partition-based test cases. Metrics are then defined to measure the adequacy and effectiveness of a test set (with respect to the benchmark) and the efficiency of the testing method (with respect to the time invested). The metrics are applied to expert manual...
Property specifications concisely describe what a software system is supposed to do. It is surprisingly difficult to write these properties correctly. There are rigorous mathematical formalisms for representing properties, but these are often difficult to use. No matter what notation is used, however, there are often subtle, but important, details that need to be considered. PROPEL aims to make the...
We demonstrate that the class of languages accepted by deterministic one-counter machines, or DOCAs (a natural subset of the context-free languages), is learnable in polynomial time. Our learning protocol is based upon Angluin's concept of a "minimally adequate teacher" who can answer membership queries about a concept and provide counterexamples to incorrect hypothesized concepts. We also...
We present a new procedure for inferring the structure of a finitestate automaton (FSA) from its input/output behavior, using access to the automaton to perform experiments. Our procedure uses a new representation for FSA's, based on the notion of equivalence between testa. We call the number of such equivalence classes the diversity of the automaton; the diversity may be as small as the logarithm...
It is likely that reliable and fast space-bounded probabilistic acceptors are less powerful than nondeterministic ones. We consider a restricted model of space-bounded probabilistic computation, the random analog of a model studied in [CR]. We show that maze traversal (a complete problem for nondeterministic space log n) requires space Ω(log2n/loglogn) by random machines, even if 'fast' is relaxed...
The main results of this paper are an O(n3) probabilistic algorithm and an O(n3 log n) deterministic algorithm that test whether two given trivalent graphs are isomorphic. In fact, the algorithms construct the set of all isomorphisms of the two graphs. Variants of these algorithms construct the set of all automorphisms of a trivalent graph. The algorithms make use of some new improved permutation...
A complexity theory for unbounded fan-in parallelism is developed where the complexity measure is the simultaneous measure (number of processors, parallel time). Two models of unbounded fan-in parallelism are (1) parallel random access machines that allow simultaneous reading from or writing to the same common memory location, and (2) circuits containing AND's, OR's and NOT's with no bound placed...
Deterministic exponential lower time bounds are obtained for analyzing monadic recursion schemes, multi-variable recursion schemes, and recursive programs. The lower bound for multivariable recursion schemes holds for any domain of interpretation with at least two elements. The lower bound for recursive programs holds for any recursive programming language with a nontrivial predicate test (i.e. a...
Straight line programs in which array elements can be referenced and set are considered. Two programs are equivalent if they compute the same expression as a function of the inputs. Testing the equivalence of programs with arrays is shown to be NP-complete, while programs without arrays can be tested for equivalence in linear time. Equivalence testing takes polynomial time when programs have either...
In this note we show that the tape bounded complexity classes of languages over single letter alphabets are closed under complementation. We then use this result to show that there exists an infinite hierarchy of tape bounded complexity classes of sla languages between log n and log log n tape bounds. We also show that every infinite sla language recognizable on less than log n tape has infinitely...
In this paper Valiant's decision procedure for equivalence of deterministic finite-turn pushdown machines is improved upon. The improved equivalence test is: Given two mahcines, one constructs a pushdown machine that simulates them simultaneously and accepts a string iff it is accepted by exactly one of them. The given machines are equivalent iff the simulating pda accepts the empty language. The...
Let Σ be a finite alphabet, Σ* the free monoid generated by Σ and |x| the length of x ε Σ*. For any integer k ≥ 0, fk(x)(tk (x)) is x if |x| ≪ k+1, and it is the prefix (suffix) of x of length k, otherwise. Also let mk+1 (x) = {v|x = uvw and |v| = k+1}. For x,y ε Σ* define x ∼k+1y iff fk(x) = fk(y), tk(x) = tk(y) and mk+1(x) = mk+1 (y). The relation ∼k+1 is a congruence of finite index over Σ*. An...
It is an open problem, suggested by Papert and McNaughton, to find a decision procedure for determining whether a regular event is locally testable. In this paper we provide a partial solution, giving two effectively decidable conditions, one necessary and one sufficient, for local testability. Our proofs are for the most part algebraic, using machine decompositions and semigroup theory.
Optimality, to within a multiplicative constant, is shown for some algorithms dealing with vectors and finite sets. Among the problems discussed are: Is vector x equal to vector y ? Given two finite sets A and B, is A = B ? Is A ⊆ B ? Is A ∩ B = φ ? What is |A ∩ B| ? What is |A - B| ? Is A - B = φ ?
A new model of abstract automata is presented employing the concept of finite automata on a network. Each normal network n provided with a one-way input tape determines a family of languages nl. A representation theorem, analogous to the Chomsky-Schützenberger representation theorem for context free languages1, is proved for the class nl. One consequence is that nl is a principal full AFL generated...
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