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Wireless Body Area networks (WBANs) are a subset of wireless sensor networks that interconnect miniaturized nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on, or around a human body. WBANs can operate over a number of different frequency bands such as MICS (Medical Implant Communications system), 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical), UWB (Ultra-Wideband), and HBC (Human Body Communications)...
Many MANET routing protocols do not perform well in dense scenarios with high network load. In these situations, we can observe a high level of route instability, which is often called "route flapping". In this paper we present the PRIME routing protocol, which uses a probabilistic multipath forwarding process to increase route stability in dense scenarios with high network load. We describe...
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a flexible wireless network. The nodes also function as routers which determine and propagate the routing tables amongst their neighbours to ensure a destination can be reached in the network. Without the restraint of physical links, mobility is common, these connections are not necessarily constant, with nodes free to either leave or join the network. This paper presents...
Trust-based secure routing in MANETs has attracted lot of research attention worldwide. It is effective in providing secure routing by isolating malicious nodes and other overheads from MANETs. This paper proposes, GradeTrust, a secure routing protocol for MANETs based on the trust levels of network nodes. It uses trust to isolate black hole routing attacks thus offering secure routing of data traffic...
In an ad hoc network, communication distance is limited by the need to minimize the power consumption of the communication nodes. To deal with this, we usually employ multi-hop relaying functions that use the number of hops as a routing metric. But in an environment where traffic density is high, the same relaying node may be used by multiple sending nodes due to their spatial distribution. Data packets...
Several routing protocols in MANET have been proposed which emphasize on optimal route discovery without considering security. Several trust metrics have been proposed for trust calculation such as packet forwarding rate, receiving rate, packet misrouted and so on. However, they only show their efficiency in static scenarios. To deal with the mobility factor, an attempt has been made to find a suitable...
Parallel metaheuristics can enhance and speed up the resolution of hard-to-solve optimization problems by taking advantage of the available processing power. in this study, we present a parallel swarm intelligent method, pPSO, that uses the master-slave paradigm to evaluate all the particles simultaneously over several processing elements. We have applied pPSO to tackle the AODV routing optimization...
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is providing freedom in movement of mobile nodes while they are connected to each other. A fixed network infrastructure has been replaced by embedding availability of routing among mobile nodes. There have been several routing protocols for MANET to achieve communication of mobile nodes in better way. There are three types of routing protocols which are table-driven,...
Mobile ad-hoc network technology has gained popularity in recent years by researchers on account of its flexibility, low cost and each of deployment. The objective of this paper is to model the behavior of routing metrics in MANET for different protocols. These metrics have been generated by Network Simulator NS 2.34 tools and the node movement has been generated using Bonmotion 1.4. The metrics behavior...
In recent years the rapid development in telecommunication technologies leads to a non linear growth in the number of users of mobile electronic gadgets accessible to a communication network. These electronic gadgets are nothing but the nodes of the MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) and thus the mobility of the nodes effects a much the performance of the network. A change in mobility can be meant as...
Wireless networks have become increasingly popular. They can provide mobile users with ubiquitous communication capability and information access regardless of locations. In this paper, we evaluate the throughput of wireless multihop networks by simulations. For simulations, we used ns-3 network simulator considering Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and...
This work is focused on explore different heuristics that may be applied to provide a link-based cost for energy-aware multihop routing for wireless environments which integrate heterogeneous devices that are carried or owned by Internet end-users. We propose to analyze based on simulations of the different heuristics when applied to both distance-vector and link-state approaches, namely the AODV...
The performance of Wireless Mesh Networks under realistic conditions is not well understood. Given the huge design and parameter space for these networks, all-encompassing performance evaluations are unfeasible. We follow a practical approach and perform a targeted, in-depth investigation of the current state of the BATMAN Advanced (batman-adv) protocol in a realistic office environment, using the...
The clustering mechanism holds key role in reducing the complexity of the network. The existing cluster formation algorithm has to be fine-tuned in the process of making clusters. On part of that this paper has proposed PAC algorithm as a cluster formation algorithm. The cluster head election has been improved noticeably through this algorithm. The network which has been clustered based on this algorithm...
Topology change is the main factor that affects the network life time of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. In static WSN, the topology change is often caused by node failure which is due to energy depletion. However, in the Mobile WSN (MWSN), the main reason of the topology change is caused by the node movement. Since the mobile sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have a low radio...
Despite the significative differences between ad hoc networks and Infrastructure Wireless Mesh Networks (iWMNs), the routing schemes designed specifically for the formers have been considered as a potential solution for the routing dilemma in the latter; however, the performance and effects of such approach have not been deeply studied. In this paper we extend some features of popular reactive (AODV)...
The Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) is the most typical reactive routing protocol in MANET. It has been extensively studied through not only computer simulations but also implementations on real network. In this paper, an implementation of AODV routing protocol with multi-metric was presented. In the implementation, an Uppsala University routing protocol, AODV-UU was modified in order to apply...
Choosing a routing protocol is an essential part in the success of the communication in mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANET), since their topology is constantly changing. In many MANET applications (such as rescue tasks applications) it is necessary to assure reliable communication among network nodes. In this paper is showed a performance evaluation of two reactive routing protocols in order to know which...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging field of engineering with various applications. They have emerged as a new class of large scale networks of embedded systems with limited communication, computation and energy resources. Recently adopted IEEE 802.15.4 standards for Low-rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) are most extensively used communication platform for WSNs. Conventional...
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a type of network with special characteristics and it needs special mechanism to bear with its ad hoc behavior. The important issue in MANET is routing protocol. Routing protocol is a standard used to determine the route path taken during the transmission of data. In this paper we will focus on Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The simulation...
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