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Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) schemes and renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) can be coordinated to maintain lower node voltages for reducing load consumption and line losses in distribution systems. In addition, smart inverter interfaced DGs are significant resources to maintain the lowest possible voltages at the loading points and adjacent nodes. This paper describes a method...
The proliferation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the Distribution Network (DN) has affected the optimal operation of the grid due to multiple technical issues such as voltage rise, reverse power flow, voltage unbalance, islanding etc. Therefore, optimal management of DERs is becoming a key research area to improve the system power quality. In this context, several active network management...
This paper presents a multi-loop control strategy for parallel distributed generation (DG) units in standalone mode of operation. Indeed, an Adaptive Proportional plus Multi Resonant (Adaptive P+MR) controller is designed for the voltage control loop and a simple Proportional regulator is used for the inner current loop. The proposed frequency adaptive control structure is also prorogued to parallel...
This paper presents a suitable output voltage control approach for parallel distributed generation (DG) units working in standalone operating mode. Indeed, an Adaptive Multi Resonant controller with weighted State Feedbacks is optimally designed for the voltage control loop while a Proportional regulator is proposed for the inner current loop. Thankful to its frequency adjusting ability, the proposed...
Fuel cell (FC) is one of the most suitable candidates for distributed generation system either in standalone or grid connected mode. Due to the cleanness, modularity and higher potentiality, FC systems can be used in both single and hybrid systems for power generation. In this study a 26 kW standalone proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based energy system is developed using MATLAB/Simulink®...
This paper presents a control scheme for Microgrid in islanding mode of operation. Here, a Mamdani based Fuzzy Logic Controller (M-FLC) has been used to restrain the voltage of the system. The voltage control strategy has been used for the control purpose. In addition, this paper also uses the Hysteresis Band PWM technique for instantaneous current control. It has been proved that irrespective of...
This paper presents a real-time hardware-in-the-loop testbed to analyze the impact of distributed generations distribution level system. The IEEE 15-bus node distribution feeder has been developed in MATLAB and is connected to two real time inverter based distributed generators through the dSPACE hardware interface. The power flow outputs of the inverters are controlled by local decentralized TI C2000...
This paper presents the dynamic modeling of a Solid Oxid Fuel Cell (SOFC) and the device necessary to perform its grid connection. Since there is a voltage drop with increasing load, the DC/DC Converter boosts the cell's output voltage and keeps it regulated. The DC/AC inverter interfaces the DC output of the converter side with the AC grid side. In order to control the injection of active and reactive...
Since its introduction, distributed generation (DG) has surely allowed the exploitation of otherwise unrecoverable energy resources dispersed on the territory, though posing a series of as yet unsolved problems connected to smart grid operation. One of these inconveniences is the automatic DG disconnection in weak network. Actually, for a DG system to be able to inject power into a grid, the voltage...
For managing carbon emission, micro-generation with different capabilities are being actively explored for grid integration. Such small scale generation connected to low and medium voltage conventional network that are not designed to accommodate distributed generation pose various issues like voltage rise during off peak hours. The aim of this paper is to evaluate different inverter control strategies...
Despite their increasing levels of penetration into electrical grid distribution systems, PV based distributed generation (DG) systems are still not yet well regarded as a useful contributor to grid voltage regulatory support. However, there is increasing recognition of the potential for these inverter based systems to not only inject real power into the grid, but also to inject/absorb reactive power...
This work discusses the results and the methodology used for modeling the control dynamic of two DG Distributed Generation technologies: micro turbine and photovoltaic. The models were developed from laboratory tests results using black box models and classical control theory. In the laboratory test setup the sources were connected between them and with resistive electrical loads by a switch and a...
The number of small power Distributed Generation (DG) units connected to the distribution networks has increased particularly for photovoltaic (PV) applications. According to recently issued Italian standards, each DG unit is allowed to participate in the active and reactive power regulation, using specifically defined P-f and Q-V droop characteristics. Furthermore, these standards have introduced...
A microgrid has been recognised as a potential solution for decentralised systems in supplying electricity to remote areas. Typically, a microgrid operates in parallel with the utility grid. However, this work investigates the synchronisation and connection of two or more microgrids. The work specifically looks at scenarios where connection to a utility grid is complex due to technical and economical...
The current deregulation trend in the electric power industry has led to the utilities trying to adapt Distributed Generation (DG) into their existing infrastructure. In this paper, 12.47 kV distribution feeders of American Electric Power (AEP) are modeled in OpenDSS to investigate the impacts of PV integration. With increasing PV penetration reverse power may flow on the grid which is associated...
Grid-connected solar photovoltaic distributed generation (PV-DG) units offer many benefits such as clean energy, reduced emissions and creation of new green jobs. A combination of supportive legislation, incentives, technology developments and costs decrease have favored the proliferation of PV-DG plants of different capacities, ranging from a few kVA (small-scale) to several MVA (large-scale). Due...
In order to improve power reliability of critical load, distributed generation (DG) should be with intentional islanding operation when utility is outage. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for three phase inverter in DG to realize transferring between grid-tied and islanding modes, which is with an inner inductor current loop and outer capacitor voltage loop in the synchronous rotating...
Islanding detection is one of the most dominant challenges for distributed generation systems connected to the main power grid. Rudimentary islanding detection methods (frequency relays, voltage relays), have considerable non-detection zones (NDZ). Nod-detection zone which defines as the area that the method fails to detect the islanding, is the primary criterion to evaluate the detection method performance...
This paper presents three models for dynamic analysis of inverter-based distributed generators equipped with voltage positive-feedback anti-islanding protection. The models analyzed are: the switched model, where the switches are represented in details, the average model, where the switches and signal generators are replaced by controlled voltage sources, and the small-signal model, where the average...
This paper presents an approach to coordinate Distributed Generation (DG) such that quantities in an unbalanced distribution system are balanced and power factor corrected. Models for the DG and three-phase distribution network are combined to form a set of Differential Algebraic Equations (DAE) that represent the behavior of the distribution system. Two state-feedback controllers with reference inputs...
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