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The paper highlights the main characteristics of Virtual Power Plants (VPP). A Virtual Power Plant is a cluster of distributed generation units (such as photovoltaic power plants, wind turbines or small hydro) and any other sources of power that can cooperate together in the local area, and are controlled by a central control entity. An analysis of a VPP that is used to cover the load is performed...
The issue of controlled and reliable integration of distributed energy resources into microgrids and large power grids has recently gained considerable attention. The microgrid concept, which basically corresponds to the coordinated operation of a cluster of loads, distributed generators and energy storage systems, is quite appealing due to its flexibility, controllability and energy management capabilities...
Along with the rising energy consumption in the world, new technologies will influence the way we generate, distribute and consume energy. Alongside others, distributed energy generation becomes a major trend in many countries. The fast upward penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the ongoing trend towards a more competitive electricity market requires new technologies and policies...
The electrical networks are receiving more deployments of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). In order to control the impact of DERs on existing networks, it is proposed to divide them into more manageable smaller sets which are called ‘microgrids’. Unlike conventional utility grids, microgrids include generators, storage devices and loads at all levels of the system. Power generation, distribution...
Active distribution networks have the capability to allow the distributed energy resources integration at reasonable costs, opening new business opportunities. Although the sharing of responsibility among the system stakeholders (e.g., the Civil Society, the DSO and DER owners) is essential, undeniably they pursue different, and sometimes opposite goals. The authors, by adopting multi objective programming...
Distributed Generation (DG), has started becoming a reality in electricity networks. This analysis focuses more on a specific configuration of networks with DG, the Microgrid. Microgrids can operate in a coordinated way either interconnected to an upstream distribution network or autonomously in case of faults in the upstream medium voltage network, like the power systems of physical islands. Under...
Existing distribution networks have not been designed to accept extensive DG. The actual paradigm may change in the near future impelled by a word wide increasing of DG penetration in distribution grids. This paper presents the status and content of DG Spanish legislative documents. Fundamental considerations are first discussed, exclusively regarding the grid-interconnection requirement. This paper...
The presence of distributed generation poses new challenges in the management and operation of electrical grids. Distributed generation (wind, combined heat and power, etc.) already accounts for 20% or more of total generation in some electric utilities and this figure is constantly increasing worldwide. TSOs, DSOs and energy markets need to have some visibility on a large number of small power injections...
Grid inverters are the key elements to massively integrate distributed renewable energy resources (DER) into electricity grids. This paper deals with the future requirements for static converters to support the operation of the power systems considering in particular ancillary services, disturbed network conditions, and control and communication requirements.
Microgrid systems show great promise for integrating large numbers of distributed energy resource (DER) systems into future power networks. This paper provides a brief overview of current microgrid technologies and issues associated with their implementation. The case is made for a real-time power management and control system that attempts to optimize microgrid systems based on multiple objectives,...
Existing distribution networks have not been designed to accept extensive DG. The actual paradigm may change in the near future impelled by a word wide increasing of DG penetration in distribution grids. This paper presents the status and content of DG Spanish legislative documents. Fundamental considerations are first discussed, exclusively regarding the grid-interconnection requirement. This paper...
In the paper major laboratory equipment is described: photovoltaic, microturbine, fuel cell, battery energy storage, together with the configuration of the laboratory network facilitating studies of characteristics of those energy sources and problems of cooperation of distributed generators with electrical power network. For integration of distributed sources into the power system it is necessary...
In the traditional operation of electricity networks the system operator has a number of ancillary services available for preservation of system balance. These services are called upon near real-time, after the planning phase. Ancillary services consist of regulating power, reserve capacity and emergency capacity, each with their own characteristics. Regulating power is deployed via load frequency...
In electricity grids the frequency of the voltage is stabilized by a combination of the rotational inertia (rotating mass) of synchronous power generators in the grid and a control algorithm acting on the rotational speed of a number of major synchronous power generators. When in future small non-synchronous generation units replace a significant part of the synchronous power generation capacity,...
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