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This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging
Why are Long‐Lived Animals so Long‐Lived? Four Correlations to Explain Longevity
Oxidative Damage to Macromolecules
Effects of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations on Cellular Function
Trying to Increase the Maximum Life Span
Acknowledgements
References
Mammalian cells have divergent responses to varying oxygen levels. Cells exposed to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) activate the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) as an adaptive response. Cells exposed to hypoxia do not undergo senescence or cell death and do not diminish ATP levels. By contrast, cells exposed to high oxygen levels (hyperoxia) undergo senescence and cell death and...
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