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Front cover: Post‐Tropical Cyclone Martin on 4 November 2022 located southeast of Greenland, seen from Sentinel‐3. According to Met Office analyses, the cyclone reached a minimum central pressure of 934hPa earlier that day, extremely deep for the extratropical North Atlantic in November. (Image credit: Sentinel Hub EO Browser.)
In Bavaria, early weather observations date back to 1587, the reason for which was a series of very cool years. Contemporarily, witches were burned because they were thought to have influenced weather. After instruments became available, private observations started in 1718 and from 1781 to 1800 a network with 34 stations was set up by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Another network with 170 stations...
A satellite imagery from 6 January 2017 (NASA Terra MODIS 7‐2‐1 composite bands with 500‐m resolution). The juxtaposition of upper‐level and low‐level flow patterns promoted the occurrence of very low temperatures (approximately −40°C) and sea‐effect snowstorms over Italy, Greece and Turkey. Snow depth reached and exceeded 100cm in places during 6–9 January 2017.
In the second paper in this series, we review how, following the advent of the computer, highly simplified numerical weather prediction models were developed during the 1950s and 1960s, examples of which are shown. Although models provided guidance on the possible behaviour of synoptic systems for up to 2–3 days ahead in time, forecasters still faced the major challenge of inferring the distribution...
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