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The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a critical brain region involved in opioid analgesia and provides efferents to descending pathways that modulate nociception. In addition, the PAG contains ascending pathways to regions involved in the regulation of reward, including the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). SN and VTA contain dopaminergic neurons that are critical for the maintenance...
Because abnormal development of striatal neurons is thought to be the part of pathology underlying major psychiatric illnesses, we studied the expression pattern of genes involved in striatal development and of genes comprising key striatal‐specific pathways, during an active striatal maturation period, the first two postnatal weeks in rat. This period parallels human striatal development during the...
The dopaminergic system in the ventrolateral portion of the striatum (Svl), part of the basal ganglia, regulates orofacial movements; bilateral co‐stimulation of both dopamine D1‐like and D2‐like receptors elicits repetitive jaw movements in rats. However, how the activities of Svl neurons are modulated by the activation of dopaminergic receptors remains unknown. We systematically injected apomorphine,...
We examined the effect of acute administration of the selective D3 receptor antagonist SB‐277011A on morphine‐triggered reactivation of cocaine‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Repeated pairing of animals with 15 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine HCl or vehicle to cue‐specific CPP chambers produced a significant CPP response compared to animals paired only with vehicle...
Nicotine is a highly addictive drug and exerts its effect partially through causing dopamine release, thereby increasing intrasynaptic dopamine levels in the brain reward systems. Dopaine D1 receptor (DRD1) mRNAs and receptors are localized in reward‐related brain regions, which receive cholinergic input. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether nicotine administration affects the expression of...
Both pre‐ and post‐synaptic effects of trace amines have been demonstrated. The putative intracellular location of Trace Amine‐Associated Receptors necessitate that membrane transport processes be present in order for post‐synaptic effects to occur. Here we examine the ability of trace amines to cross synthetic (Fluorosomes) and native (synaptosomes) lipid bilayer membranes. Trace amines readily crossed...
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treats depression by repeated administration of seizure‐inducing electrical stimuli. To assess the effects of repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs), an animal model of ECT on monoamine transmission, Sprague–Dawley rats were administered 6 ECS over 2 weeks and in vivo single‐unit extracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained 48 h after the final ECS...
Previous PET imaging studies have demonstrated mixed findings regarding dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in obese relative to nonobese humans. Nonspecific D2/D3 radioligands do not allow for separate estimation of D2 receptor (D2R) and D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of the D2 receptor family, which may play different roles in behavior and are distributed differently throughout the brain. These radioligands...
Oscillations in brain activities with periods of minutes to hours may be critical for normal mood behaviors. Ultradian (faster than circadian) rhythms of mood behaviors and associated central nervous system activities are altered in depression. Recent data suggest that ultradian rhythms in serotonin (5HT) function also change in depression. In two separate studies, 5HT metabolites in cerebrospinal...
Background: In laboratory animals, environmental stressors markedly activate the mesocortical dopamine system. The present study tested whether this occurs in humans. Methods: The effects of a laboratory psychological stressor (Montreal Imaging Stress Task, MIST) on mesocortical dopamine release in healthy young adults (11 males, mean age ± SD, 20.6 ± 2.4 years) was measured using positron emission...
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