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The behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal are lower in adolescent versus adult rats. However, the neurochemical mechanisms that mediate these developmental differences are unknown. Previous studies have shown that extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) are reduced in adult rats experiencing withdrawal. This study compared dopamine levels in the NAcc of male adolescent...
Exposure of the developing brain to a wide variety of drugs of abuse (e.g., stimulants, opioids, ethanol, etc.) can induce life‐long changes in behavior and neural circuitry. However, the long‐term effects of exposure to therapeutic, psychotropic drugs have only recently begun to be appreciated. Antipsychotic drugs are little studied in this regard. Here, we quantitatively analyzed dendritic architecture...
Cognitive and motor deficits are pervasive in children that suffer early brain injury. The aim of this study was to determine the impact that early damage has on dendritic spine density and other aspects of dendritic morphology of neurons in the motor cortex. Also of interest was how changes in dendritic structure evolved across the lifespan. Ischemia was induced in 10‐day‐old Long Evans rats by injection...
This study investigated the dendritic morphology of neurons located in the right and left basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic (IL) cortex following chronic nicotine exposure during adolescence or adulthood. Sprague–Dawley rats were administered subcutaneous injections of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg; free base) or saline three times per week for 2 weeks (six total injections). The dose period began...
Cannabinoid‐type 1 (CB1) receptors are implicated in μ‐opioid receptor (μ‐OR)‐dependent reward ascribed partially to mesolimbic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) shell. Thus, CB1 receptor gene deletion may preferentially alter the availability of μ‐ORs and/or dopamine innervation in this brain region, which is functionally distinct from the motor‐associated Acb core. To test this hypothesis,...
Although there has been considerable research conducted regarding the long‐term effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine, there has been little examination of how this experience influences brain development. This study was designed to examine if there are morphological changes (dendritic branching, dendritic length, and spine density) in medial prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, parietal...
The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the resting multiunit activity of the vestibular afferents during development using the isolated inner ear of embryonic and postnatal chickens (E15‐E21 and P5). GABA (10−3 to 10−5 M; n = 133) and muscimol (10−3M) elicited an increase in the frequency of the basal discharge of the vestibular afferents. We found that...
To clarify the basis of limited responses in children and adolescents to antidepressant treatments considered standard in the treatment of adult major depressive disorder, juvenile Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 21‐day treatment with dissimilar antidepressant drugs fluoxetine, imipramine, or vehicle control. Total RNA was extracted from brain frontal cortices and hybridized to the Affymetrix...
The presumptive unisensory neocortical areas process multisensory information by oscillatory entrainment of neuronal networks via direct cortico‐cortical projections. While neonatal unimodal experience has been identified as necessary for setting up the neuronal networks of multisensory processing, it is still unclear whether early cross‐modal experience equally controls the ontogeny of multisensory...
Neurogenic differentiation factor 2 (NeuroD2) is a highly expressed transcription factor in the developing central nervous system. In newborn neurons, NeuroD2‐mediated gene expression promotes differentiation, maturation, and survival. In addition to these early, cell‐intrinsic developmental processes, NeuroD2 in postmitotic neurons also regulates synapse growth and ion channel expression to control...
Cover illustration: The cover image, by Fading Chen and Benjamin J. Hall, is based on the Research Article Synaptic activity suppresses expression of neurogenic differentiation factor 2 in an NMDA receptor‐dependent manner, DOI: 10.1002/syn.21986.
Although calyx of Held synapses undergo dramatic changes around the hearing onset, previous in vivo studies suggest that the calyx synapses undergo further post‐hearing maturation process. While developmental changes over the hearing onset have been extensively studied, this post‐hearing maturation process remained relatively little investigated. Because of post‐hearing maturation, previous results...
Previous studies demonstrated that in vitro preparations of the isolated vestibular system of diverse animal species still exhibit stable resting electrical activity and mechanically evoked synaptic transmission between hair cells and primary afferent endings. However, there are no reports related to their neurodevelopment. Therefore, this research aimed to examine whether NMDA receptors mediate these...
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the most important circadian clock in mammals. The SCN synchronizes to environmental light via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), which is an axon cluster derived from melanopsin‐expressing intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Investigations on the development of the nonimage‐forming pathway and the RHT are scarce. Previous studies imply that light...
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