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The “brain‐gut” peptide ghrelin, which mediates food‐seeking behaviors, is recognized as a very strong endogenous modulator of dopamine (DA) signaling. Ghrelin binds the G protein‐coupled receptor GHSR1a, and administration of ghrelin increases the rewarding properties of psychostimulants while ghrelin receptor antagonists decrease them. In addition, the GHSR1a signals through βarrestin‐2 to regulate...
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a key arginine metabolising enzyme in the brain, and nNOS‐derived nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in regulating glutamatergic neurotransmission. NO and its related molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and human genetic studies have identified schizophrenia risk genes encoding nNOS. This study systematically investigated how...
Cover illustration: The cover image, by Krisztian Toth et al., is based on the Research Article Ghrelin receptor antagonism of hyperlocomotion in cocaine‐sensitized mice requires βarrestin‐2, DOI: 10.1002/syn.22012.
The dismantling and elimination of excess neurons and their connections (pruning) is essential for brain development and may be aberrantly reactivated in some neurodegenerative diseases. Growing evidence implicates caspase‐mediated apoptotic and nonapoptotic cascades in the dysfunction and death of neurons in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson, and Huntington's diseases. It...
Arachidonic acid (AA) is involved in signal transduction, neuroinflammation, and production of eicosanoid metabolites. The AA brain incorporation coefficient (K*) is quantifiable in vivo using [11C]AA positron emission tomography, although repeatability remains undetermined. We evaluated K* estimates obtained with population‐based metabolite correction (PBMC) and image‐derived input function (IDIF)...
Potassium channels play an important role in modulating synaptic activity both at presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. We have shown before that presynaptically located KV and KIR channels modulate the strength of corticostriatal synapses in rat brain, but the role of other types of potassium channels at these synapses remains largely unknown. Here, we show that calcium‐dependent potassium channels...
Despite much research, bipolar depression remains poorly understood, with no clinically useful biomarkers for its diagnosis. The paralimbic system has become a target for biomarker research, with paralimbic structural connectivity commonly reported to distinguish bipolar patients from controls in tractography‐based diffusion MRI studies, despite inconsistent findings in voxel‐based studies. The purpose...
We aimed to characterize changes in binding of (‐)‐[18F]Flubatine to α4β2*‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4β2*‐nAChRs) during a tobacco cigarette smoking challenge. Displacement of (‐)‐[18F]Flubatine throughout the brain was quantified as change in (‐)‐[18F]Flubatine distribution volume (VT), with particular emphasis on regions with low VT. Three tobacco smokers were imaged with positron emission...
Psychoactive drugs have the ability to alter the morphology of neuronal dendrites and spines and to influence later experience‐dependent structural plasticity. If rats are given repeated injections of psychomotor stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine) prior to being placed in complex environments, the drug experience interferes with the ability of the environment to increase dendritic arborization...
SEP‐227162 [R(–)‐O‐desmethylvenlafaxine] is an enantiomer of the venlafaxine metabolite O‐desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV, Pristiq™, Wyeth). This study compared the serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy achieved by SEP‐227162 and ODV, at daily doses of 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg using [11C]DASB positron emission tomography (PET). Sixteen healthy male subjects participated in one of four dose groups (N = 4...
No model fully recapitulates the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the triple‐transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg‐AD) expresses Aβ plaques and tau‐laden neurofibrillary tangles, as well as synaptic and behavioral deficits, it does not display frank neuronal loss. Because old age is the most important risk factor in AD, senescence‐related interactions might be lacking to truly establish...
Juvenile social interactions have been shown to influence the dendritic complexity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In particular, social play induces pruning of the cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), whereas interacting with multiple partners, whether those interactions involve play or not, increases the complexity of cells in the orbital frontal cortex (OFC). Previous studies...
The Roman high (RHA)‐ and low (RLA)‐avoidance rat sublines have been identified as an addiction‐prone and addiction‐resistant phenotype based on their high vs. low locomotor responsiveness to novelty and high vs. low ability to develop neurochemical and behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants, respectively. Most studies though have focused on psychostimulants and little is known about the neuroadaptive...
Extracellular beta‐amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and deposition is the main factor, which causes synaptic loss and eventually cells death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memory loss and long‐term potentiation (LTP) dysfunction in the hippocampus are involved in the AD. The involvement of crocin, as the main and active constituent of saffron extract in learning and memory processes, has been proposed. Here...
Inhibition mediated by horizontal and amacrine cells in the outer and inner retina, respectively, are fundamental components of visual processing. Here, our purpose was to determine how these different inhibitory processes affect glutamate release from ON bipolar cells when the retina is stimulated with full‐field light of various intensities. Light‐evoked membrane potential changes (ΔVm) were recorded...
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