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The Mann‐Whitney U test is frequently used to evaluate treatment effects in randomized experiments with skewed outcome distributions or small sample sizes. It may lack power, however, because it ignores the auxiliary baseline covariate information that is routinely collected. Wald and score tests in so‐called probabilistic index models generalize the Mann‐Whitney U test to enable adjustment for covariates,...
In randomized clinical trials, many medical and biological measurements are not normally distributed and are often skewed. The Box–Cox transformation is a powerful procedure for comparing two treatment groups for skewed continuous variables in terms of a statistical test. However, it is difficult to directly estimate and interpret the location difference between the two groups on the original scale...
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