This study sought to clarify the prevalence and associated factors of subjective fatigue symptoms, by analyzing epidemiological data for a sample of the Japanese population. Data from 1224 individuals (539 men and 685 women) aged ≥20 years were subsequently analyzed. Prevalence of fatigability was 17.2% (n = 211) and that of residual fatigue was 13.6% (n = 167), with women showing significantly higher prevalence of both symptoms than men (fatigability: men 12.6% vs women 20.9%, χ2 = 14.43, P = 0.001; residual fatigue: men 10.0% vs women 16.5%, P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that being female, nonrestorative sleep, decreased quality of life, and stress showed significant positive associations with fatigability and residual fatigue. However, a significant positive association was found between depressed mood and fatigability, and short sleep duration and long working hours (≥9 h) were specifically significantly positively associated with residual fatigue. Sleep hygiene instruction and a psychiatric approach are needed to reduce fatigue in the Japanese population.