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Summary. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for analysing gene expression data to identify pathways differentiating between two biological states (e.g. cancer versus non‐cancer). Finding significant pathways can improve our understanding of normal and pathological processes and can lead to more effective treatments. Our method, Bayesian gene set analysis, evaluates the statistical significance...
Summary. Two common approaches to regression with missing covariates are complete‐case analysis and ignorable likelihood methods. We review these approaches and propose a hybrid class, called subsample ignorable likelihood methods, which applies an ignorable likelihood method to the subsample of observations that are complete on one set of variables, but possibly incomplete on others. Conditions...
Summary. The outcome‐dependent sampling scheme has been gaining attention in both the statistical literature and applied fields. Epidemiological and environmental researchers have been using it to select the observations for more powerful and cost‐effective studies. Motivated by a study of the effect of in utero exposure to poly‐chlorinated biphenyls on children's intelligence quotient at age 7 years,...
Summary. Hierarchical models are widely used to characterize the performance of individual healthcare providers. However, little attention has been devoted to systemwide performance evaluations, the goals of which include identifying extreme (e.g. the top 10%) provider performance and developing statistical benchmarks to define high quality care. Obtaining optimal estimates of these quantities requires...
Summary. Epidemiology studies increasingly examine multiple exposures in relation to disease by selecting the exposures of interest in a thematic manner. For example, sun exposure, sunburn and sun protection behaviour could be themes for an investigation of sun‐related exposures. Several studies now use predefined linear combinations of the exposures pertaining to the themes to estimate the effects...
Summary. Acute lung injury is a condition that is characterized by acute onset of severe hypoxaemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Patients typically require mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. Low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV), which is a time varying dynamic treatment regime, has been recommended as an effective ventilation strategy. This recommendation was based on the results...
Summary. It is often important to develop an understanding of the dynamic properties of a process. However, it is sometimes difficult if not impossible to conduct deliberate experiments on full‐scale industrial plants and processes to gain such insight. Fortunately, intentional or inadvertent process changes that occur in the course of normal operation sometimes offer an opportunity to identify and...
Summary. We develop and implement a methodology for drawing inference about subgroup effects in a two‐arm randomized trial when subgroup status is known only for a non‐random sample in each of the trial arms. Since the subgroup effects are not point identified from the distribution of the observed data, we show how to compute bounds on these effects by using scientifically plausible assumptions....
Summary. The latest technologies of server virtualization allow multiple computer workloads to share the same physical system dynamically while protecting them from interference from each other. Consolidation of workloads from stand‐alone systems into virtualized systems requires accurate capacity sizing and optimal portfolio design to maximize the benefit of virtualization. This requirement often...
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