Background
Intraoperative application of tomographic imaging techniques provides a means of visual servoing for objects beneath the surface of organs.
Methods
The focus of this survey is on therapeutic and diagnostic medical applications where tomographic imaging is used in visual servoing. To this end, a comprehensive search of the electronic databases was completed for the period 2000–2013.
Results
Existing techniques and products are categorized and studied, based on the imaging modality and their medical applications. This part complements Part I of the survey, which covers visual servoing techniques using endoscopic imaging and direct vision.
Conclusion
The main challenges in using visual servoing based on tomographic images have been identified. ‘Supervised automation of medical robotics’ is found to be a major trend in this field and ultrasound is the most commonly used tomographic modality for visual servoing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.