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Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) has now been around for more 25 years and in general use for now 20 years, starting with the initial textbook being officially published in 2001. Two companion books have been published on the topics of Enabling Events and Conditional Modifiers (2013) and on Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers (2015). Many papers have been published in the past 20...
Safety instrumented system (SIS) standards improved the definition of interlocks and introduced requirements for improved management systems to enforce independence from other independent protection layers (IPLs). SIS standards require verification that the performance of each safety instrumented function (SIF) will be met during its lifetime, where the performance criterion is documented as the target...
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