The primary emphases in the chapter are on organizations as social systems and cities as social systems. The chapter begins with the contrast of emergent and designed phenomena, as well as direct versus representative political systems. Behavioral and social aspects of political phenomena include individual and groups responses to socioeconomic situations, possibly involving conflicts and crises. Physicists have addressed a range of social phenomena using models initially developed in statistical physics. The systems of systems that involve social systems often have inherently conflicting objectives across component systems. Several approaches to modeling social systems are presented, including physics‐based formulations, network theory, game theory, and simulations. The chapter comes to an end with urban resilience. It concludes that the focus should be on how to get a city to design itself in ways that enhance resiliency while also improving the quality of life for everyone.