Olfactory memory plays an important role in the everyday lives of both animals and humans, even if people generally attend much less than animals to incoming olfactory information. This chapter focuses on recognition memory and learning paradigms useful in characterizing the olfactory memory system. Recent studies on odour recognition memory have exploited findings from cognitive science and neuroscience that employ signal detection analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies provide a strong foundation for examining the role of the hippocampus in episodic recollection. In the ROC studies memory cues were composed of a large pool of ordinary household odours (e.g., lemon, thyme) mixed in sand within small plastic cups. Olfactory learning and memory result from brain activity in multiple memory pathways that contribute to different strategies of memory performance.