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The existence of an alternative strait between the Black and Marmara Seas, east of today's İstanbul Strait, on the route of İzmit Gulf–Lake Sapanca–Lower Sakarya Valley, was already claimed at the end of the 19th century and has also been considered in several recent studies. Firstly, in historical documents over the last 2500 years, some natural and artificial waterways between the Marmara Sea and...
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