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Neuroinflammation comprises a feature of many neurological disorders that is accompanied by the activation of glial cells and the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Such activation is a normal response oriented to protect neural tissue and it is mainly regulated by microglia and astroglia. However, excessive and chronic activation of glia may lead to neurotoxicity and may be harmful...
Oestradiol acts in the brain by multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of transcriptional activity through classical oestrogen receptors, α and β, and by the activation of membrane/cytoplasm‐initiated signalling cascades. In neuroblastoma cells, primary neurones in culture and in the brain in vivo, oestradiol activates the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signalling...
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