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We explored multiple linkages among grey wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervus elaphus), berry‐producing shrubs and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Yellowstone National Park. We hypothesized competition between elk and grizzly bears whereby, in the absence of wolves, increases in elk numbers would increase browsing on berry‐producing shrubs and decrease fruit availability to grizzly bears. After wolves...
One of the clearest predictions from the IPCC is that we can expect much less snow cover due to global warming in the 21st century, especially in the lower alpine areas. In alpine ecosystems, snow accumulation in depressions gives rise to distinct snow‐bed vegetation types, assumed to play a key role in ecosystem function. A delayed plant phenology yields high‐quality forage in late summer for wild...
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