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Pattern recognition receptors, such as toll‐like receptors (TLRs), perceive tissue alterations and initiate local innate immune responses. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, encode TLRs which primary role is to protect the tissue integrity. However, deregulated activation of TLRs in microglia may lead to chronic neurodegeneration. This double role of microglial responses is often reported...
Type I interferons (IFNs), IFN‐α and IFN‐β, represent the major effector cytokines of the host immune response against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. These cytokines are produced via activation of numerous pattern recognition receptors, including the Toll‐like receptor signaling network, retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐1 (RIG‐1), melanoma differentiation‐associated protein‐5 (MDA‐5) and interferon...
Proteolipid protein (PLP) is the most abundant integral membrane protein in compact central nervous system myelin, and null mutations of the PLP1 gene cause spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2). SPG2 patients and PLP‐deficient mice exhibit only moderate abnormalities of myelin but progressive degeneration of long axons. Since Plp1 gene products are detected in a subset of neurons it has been suggested...
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