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Purpose: Absences are characterized by an abrupt onset and end of generalized 3–4 Hz spike and wave discharges (GSWs), accompanied by unresponsiveness. Although previous electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG–fMRI) studies showed that thalamus, default mode areas, and caudate nuclei are involved in absence seizures, the contribution of these regions throughout the ictal...
Purpose: Combined electroencephalography (EEG) and functional MRI (EEG‐fMRI) can be useful in the evaluation of epilepsy patients. The reproducibility of EEG‐fMRI findings needs to be established to consider it as a clinically valuable method. We addressed the intrasubject reproducibility of EEG‐fMRI and the possible superiority of higher magnetic field strength in patients who were scanned twice...
Purpose: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is characterized by electroencephalography (EEG) recordings with generalized spike wave discharges (GSWDs) arising from normal background activity. Although GSWDs are the result of highly synchronized activity in the thalamocortical network, EEG without GSWDs is believed to represent normal brain activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether...
Purpose: Even if etiologies of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) are diverse, the multiple causes converge into a final common pathway that results in this specific epilepsy phenotype. There is little knowledge, however, about neuronal networks that may be a part of this pathway.
Methods: To investigate these networks, 11 children with LGS and 9 control children with multifocal epileptic activity were...
Altered pupillary behavior is commonly present during and following epileptic seizures, but symptomatic pupillary hippus as the main feature of a seizure has not been reported in the modern literature. We present the case of a woman with epileptic seizures consisting of sustained fluctuation of perception of brightness. Bilateral pupillary hippus is the main semiologic feature.This autonomic phenomenon...
Purpose: Electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) coregistration has recently revealed that several brain structures are involved in generalized spike and wave discharges (GSWDs) in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs). In particular, deactivations and activations have been observed within the so‐called brain default mode network (DMN) and thalamus, respectively...
Purpose: In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) the epileptogenic area is confined to the mesial temporal lobe, but other cortical and subcortical areas are also affected and cognitive and psychiatric impairments are usually documented. Functional connectivity methods are based on the correlation of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal between brain regions, which exhibit consistent and...
Studies in animal models and patients with epilepsy have suggested that basal ganglia circuits may control epileptic seizures and that striatal dopaminergic transmission may play a role in seizure modulation and interruption. Chromosome 20 [r(20)] syndrome is a well‐defined chromosomal disorder characterized by epilepsy, mild‐to‐moderate mental retardation, and lack of recognizable dysmorphic features...
Purpose: Combining intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is of interest in epilepsy studies as it would allow the detection of much smaller interictal epileptiform discharges than can be recorded using scalp EEG‐fMRI. This may help elucidate the spatiotemporal mechanisms underlying the generation of interictal discharges. To our knowledge, iEEG‐fMRI...
Purpose: In the presurgical evaluation of children and juvenile patients with refractory focal epilepsy, the main challenge is to localize the point of seizure onset as precisely as possible. We compared results of the conventional electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) analysis with those obtained with a newly developed method using voltage maps of average interictal...
PurposeDravet syndrome (DS) or severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy is an intractable epileptic encephalopathy of early childhood that is caused by a mutation in the SCN1A gene in most patients. The aim of this study was to identify a syndrome‐specific epileptic network underlying interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in patients with DS.
MethodsTen patients with the diagnosis of DS associated...
By combining electroencephalography (EEG) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) it is possible to describe blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal changes related to EEG patterns. This way, EEG‐pattern–associated networks of hemodynamic changes can be detected anywhere in the brain with good spatial resolution. This review summarizes EEG‐fMRI studies that have been performed in...
Atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE) is a subgroup among the idiopathic focal epilepsies of childhood. Aim of this study was to investigate neuronal networks underlying ABPE and compare the results with previous electroencephalography (EEG)–functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of related epilepsy syndromes. Ten patients with ABPE underwent simultaneous EEG‐fMRI recording. In all...
ObjectiveTo identify the brain networks that are involved in the different electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in patients with ring chromosome 20 [r(20)] syndrome. We hypothesize the existence of both distinctive and common brain circuits for the paroxysmal high voltage sharp waves (hSWs), the seizures, and the slow‐wave 3–7 Hz rhythm that characterize this condition.
MethodsThirteen patients...
Modern functional neuroimaging provides opportunities to visualize activity of the entire brain, making it an indispensable diagnostic tool for epilepsy. Various forms of noninvasive functional neuroimaging are now also being performed as research tools in animal models of epilepsy and provide opportunities for parallel animal/human investigations into fundamental mechanisms of epilepsy and identification...
ObjectiveLennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe epilepsy phenotype with characteristic electroclinical features despite diverse etiologies. We previously found common cerebral networks involved during slow spike‐and‐wave (SSW) and generalized paroxysmal fast activity (PFA), characteristic interictal discharges. Some patients have a Lennox‐Gastaut–like phenotype and cortical lesions. We wished to...
ObjectiveInterictal high frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the 40–200 Hz range have been identified in scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of patients with focal epilepsy. HFOs usually co‐occur with interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), and are specific and accurate markers for the epileptic focus, but the brain regions involved when HFOs are generated are unknown. We investigated this...
ObjectiveA prerequisite for the implementation of interictal electroencephalography–correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) in the presurgical work‐up for epilepsy surgery is straightforward processing. We propose a new semi‐automatic method as alternative for the challenging and time‐consuming visual spike identification.
MethodsOur method starts from a patient‐specific spike‐template,...
Objective
Epilepsy is increasingly recognized as a network disorder, but the spatial relationship between ictal and interictal networks is still largely unexplored. In this work, we compared hemodynamic changes related to seizures and interictal spikes on a whole brain scale.
Methods
Twenty‐eight patients with refractory focal epilepsy (14 temporal and 14 extratemporal lobe) underwent both subtraction...
ObjectivesTo provide insight into the pathophysiology of idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsies (ICOEs), by mapping the contribution of retinotopic visual areas to the generation and sustainment of epileptic activity.
MethodsThirteen patients affected by ICOEs (mean age = 10.9 years) underwent a video electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) study. A flexible‐related...
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